Freight Emission Factors.
Default CO2e intensities by mode, from the GLEC Framework v3.2, the industry method behind ISO 14083. The same factor set (glec-3.2-navo-2026.10) runs inside CarbonMCP andcarbon.navo24.com.
Emissions = activity × intensity. Activity is tonne-km (cargo mass × distance) or TEU-km for full containers.
Sea
| Vehicle or service | WTW, g CO2e | TTW, g CO2e | Per | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Container ship, industry average (dry) | 71.7 | 59.0 | TEU km | GLEC v3.2, Table 18, Industry Average, Dry |
| Container ship, industry average (reefer) | 142.3 | 117.0 | TEU km | GLEC v3.2, Table 18, Industry Average, Reefer |
| Container ship, per tonne (10 t per TEU) | 7.17 | 5.90 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 18 Industry Average / 10 t per TEU (GLEC default load) |
| Reefer container ship, per tonne (10 t per TEU) | 14.23 | 11.70 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 18 Industry Average Reefer / 10 t per TEU |
| Bulk carrier 0-9,999 dwt | 35.9 | 30.5 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 14, bulk carrier 0-9999 dwt, HFO, WTW with 15% DAF |
| Bulk carrier 10,000-34,999 dwt (Handysize) | 9.80 | 8.32 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 14, bulk carrier 10000-34999 dwt, HFO, WTW with 15% DAF |
| Bulk carrier 35,000-59,999 dwt (Supramax) | 7.20 | 6.06 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 14, bulk carrier 35000-59999 dwt, HFO, WTW with 15% DAF |
| Bulk carrier 60,000-99,999 dwt (Panamax) | 5.90 | 4.99 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 14, bulk carrier 60000-99999 dwt, HFO, WTW with 15% DAF |
| Bulk carrier 100,000-199,999 dwt (Capesize) | 4.00 | 3.43 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 14, bulk carrier 100000-199999 dwt, HFO, WTW with 15% DAF |
| Bulk carrier 200,000+ dwt (VLOC) | 3.60 | 3.14 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 14, bulk carrier 200000+ dwt, HFO, WTW with 15% DAF |
| Ro-Ro vessel 10,000-14,999 dwt * | 42.5 | 36.0 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 17, Ro-Ro 10000-14999 dwt, HFO, WTW with 15% DAF |
| Vehicle carrier 50,000+ GT * | 44.0 | 37.4 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 17, vehicle carrier 50000+ GT, HFO, WTW with 15% DAF |
Air
| Vehicle or service | WTW, g CO2e | TTW, g CO2e | Per | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Air cargo, short haul (under 1,500 km), belly or freighter unknown | 1,363.0 | 1,128.6 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 1, Unknown, short-haul |
| Air cargo, long haul (over 1,500 km), belly or freighter unknown | 788.0 | 653.3 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 1, Unknown, long-haul |
| Air cargo, short haul, freighter | 1,516.0 | 1,255.2 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 1, Freighter, short-haul |
| Air cargo, long haul, freighter | 608.0 | 502.8 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 1, Freighter, long-haul |
| Air cargo, short haul, belly freight | 1,239.0 | 1,025.9 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 1, Belly freight, short-haul |
| Air cargo, long haul, belly freight | 936.0 | 775.0 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 1, Belly freight, long-haul |
Road
| Vehicle or service | WTW, g CO2e | TTW, g CO2e | Per | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Artic truck 34-40 t, diesel, average load | 101.0 | 78.0 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 8, artic truck 34-40 t GVW, average/mixed, diesel |
| Artic truck 34-40 t, diesel, container | 101.0 | 78.0 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 8, artic truck 34-40 t GVW, container, diesel |
| Truck over 20 t, groupage / part load * | 125.0 | 96.3 | t km | GLEC v3.2, §3 road, Europe starting point HGV > 20 t GVW (125) |
| Truck, North America, TL dry van | 93.0 | 77.0 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 6, TL/Dry Van |
| Truck, North America, drayage | 96.0 | 80.0 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 6, Dray |
| Truck, North America, LTL dry van | 218.0 | 180.1 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 6, LTL/Dry Van |
| Truck, North America, refrigerated | 96.0 | 80.0 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 6, Refrigerated |
| Truck, China, articulated HDV 35-40 t | 80.9 | 62.0 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 12, articulated truck HDV 35.0-40.0 t GVW, diesel |
| Truck, China, rigid HDV 16-20 t (part load) * | 152.3 | 116.8 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 12, rigid truck HDV 16.0-20.0 t GVW, diesel |
| Truck, India, tractor trailer 30-60 t | 55.1 | 42.3 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 13, tractor trailer GVW 30-60 MT, diesel |
| Truck, India, HCV 12-20 t (part load) * | 90.2 | 69.2 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 13, HCV-1 GVW 12-20 MT, diesel |
Rail
| Vehicle or service | WTW, g CO2e | TTW, g CO2e | Per | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Freight train, Europe, traction unknown | 18.40 | 8.96 | t km | GLEC v3.2, §3 rail, EU average, traction unknown |
| Freight train, Europe, electric | 10.80 | 0.00 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 5, average/mixed, electric (EU 2025 grid mix) |
| Freight train, Europe, diesel | 30.7 | 23.6 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 4, average/mixed, diesel |
| Container train, Europe, traction unknown * | 17.10 | 8.33 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Tables 4 and 5, container, mixed 62% electric / 38% diesel as in the GLEC EU average |
| Container train, Europe, electric | 10.10 | 0.00 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 5, container, electric |
| Container train, Europe, diesel | 28.5 | 21.9 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 4, container, diesel |
| Freight train, North America, diesel | 16.10 | 13.40 | t km | GLEC v3.2, §3 rail, US average (diesel) |
| Freight train, India, mixed traction | 10.60 | 4.10 | t km | GLEC v3.2, §3 rail, Indian average |
Inland waterway
| Vehicle or service | WTW, g CO2e | TTW, g CO2e | Per | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inland motor vessel 85-110 m (1,000-2,000 t) * | 21.4 | 16.4 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 2, motor vessel 85-110 m |
| Inland container vessel 110 m | 29.3 | 22.5 | t km | GLEC v3.2, Table 2, container vessel 110 m |
Container trade lanes
Clean Cargo 2023 averages published in GLEC v3.2 Tables 18 and 19, g CO2e per TEU-km. Use these when the lane is known; the industry average above when it is not.
| Trade lane | Dry WTW | Dry TTW | Reefer WTW | Reefer TTW | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asia to-from Africa | 88.3 | 72.8 | 161.3 | 133.0 | GLEC v3.2, Table 18 |
| Asia to-from Mediterranean / Black Sea | 52.3 | 43.1 | 116.3 | 96.0 | GLEC v3.2, Table 18 |
| Asia to-from Middle East / India | 78.4 | 64.5 | 150.6 | 124.1 | GLEC v3.2, Table 18 |
| Asia to-from North America EC / Gulf | 59.0 | 48.5 | 122.5 | 100.6 | GLEC v3.2, Table 18 |
| Asia to-from North America WC | 67.0 | 55.0 | 134.4 | 110.4 | GLEC v3.2, Table 18 |
| Asia to-from North Europe | 47.0 | 38.7 | 110.6 | 91.2 | GLEC v3.2, Table 18 |
| Asia to-from Oceania | 95.9 | 79.0 | 171.1 | 141.0 | GLEC v3.2, Table 18 |
| Asia to-from South America (incl. Central America) | 67.7 | 55.9 | 136.1 | 112.2 | GLEC v3.2, Table 18 |
| Europe (North & Med) to-from Africa | 94.9 | 78.2 | 176.8 | 145.8 | GLEC v3.2, Table 18 |
| Europe (North & Med) to-from South America (incl. Central America) | 86.2 | 70.6 | 162.9 | 133.6 | GLEC v3.2, Table 18 |
| Europe (North & Med) to-from Middle East / India | 73.4 | 60.4 | 139.2 | 114.6 | GLEC v3.2, Table 18 |
| Europe (North & Med) to-from Oceania | 90.9 | 74.4 | 156.8 | 128.4 | GLEC v3.2, Table 18 |
| Mediterranean / Black Sea to-from North America EC / Gulf | 95.0 | 78.0 | 173.4 | 142.5 | GLEC v3.2, Table 18 |
| Mediterranean / Black Sea to-from North America WC | 78.7 | 65.3 | 161.3 | 133.8 | GLEC v3.2, Table 18 |
| North America to-from Africa | 119.5 | 99.1 | 202.8 | 168.2 | GLEC v3.2, Table 18 |
| North America to-from Oceania | 84.8 | 69.1 | 148.9 | 121.5 | GLEC v3.2, Table 18 |
| SE Asia to-from NE Asia | 108.5 | 89.2 | 188.7 | 155.2 | GLEC v3.2, Table 19 |
| Intra NE Asia | 108.7 | 89.8 | 200.4 | 165.8 | GLEC v3.2, Table 19 |
| Intra SE Asia | 135.7 | 112.1 | 227.5 | 188.0 | GLEC v3.2, Table 19 |
| North Europe to-from Mediterranean / Black Sea | 108.1 | 89.2 | 190.3 | 157.0 | GLEC v3.2, Table 19 |
| Intra Mediterranean / Black Sea | 160.4 | 131.1 | 293.8 | 240.2 | GLEC v3.2, Table 19 |
| Intra North Europe | 173.3 | 141.1 | 285.7 | 232.5 | GLEC v3.2, Table 19 |
| Intra Middle East / India | 114.5 | 94.0 | 207.8 | 170.6 | GLEC v3.2, Table 19 |
| Other | 82.8 | 68.3 | 161.9 | 133.8 | GLEC v3.2, Table 19 |
| North America to-from South America (incl. Central America) | 105.3 | 86.5 | 190.0 | 156.1 | GLEC v3.2, Table 19 |
| North America to-from Middle East / India | 84.3 | 68.9 | 145.9 | 119.1 | GLEC v3.2, Table 19 |
| North Europe to-from North America EC / Gulf | 90.2 | 73.7 | 163.7 | 133.8 | GLEC v3.2, Table 19 |
| North Europe to-from North America WC | 97.7 | 78.8 | 178.4 | 144.0 | GLEC v3.2, Table 19 |
| South America (incl. Central America) to-from Africa | 135.3 | 109.6 | 230.1 | 186.4 | GLEC v3.2, Table 19 |
| Intra Africa | 134.3 | 109.9 | 263.5 | 215.7 | GLEC v3.2, Table 19 |
| Intra North America | 230.0 | 190.2 | 294.9 | 243.9 | GLEC v3.2, Table 19 |
| Intra South America (incl. Central America) | 115.0 | 93.7 | 207.7 | 169.3 | GLEC v3.2, Table 19 |
Adjustments
Air distanceGreat circle + 95 km per flight; short haul is under 1,500 km (GLEC v3.2, Table 1)
Temperature controlled+12% on road (over 3.5 t) and rail (GLEC v3.2 §3)
Road, Asia and Africa×1.22 on the European truck values, except China and India which have own tables (GLEC v3.2 §3 road)
WTW and TTWWell-to-wheel counts fuel production and use; tank-to-wheel only what leaves the exhaust. ISO 14083 reports WTW.
* GLEC lists several vehicle classes for this service and no single default; the class we picked is our choice, the figure is GLEC’s. Method: ISO 14083:2023, GLEC Framework v3.2 (Oct 2025) Module 2 default intensities, well-to-wheel. Factor set glec-3.2-navo-2026.10.